Practice makes perfect. It's a cliche saying that gets pulled out time and time again. For many, they loath to hear it but that saying has some truth to it. After all, this saying pops up the most when we are motor learning. While this saying is off in that perfection is impossible, the practice side of it is the only way for us to get closer to that level. And the only way a motor skill can get to that level is through motor learning. It's through this concept where we can grow the various skills in our lives, but also to learn effectively should we learn the right way.
What Is Motor Learning?
To present an example, it's best to explain what motor learning is. For starters, it's been described as such:((Starfish Therapies:
Motor Learning: Stages of Motor Learning and Strategies to Improve Acquisition of Motor Skills))
"A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior"
Another way to describe it as a process, where our brain responses in a way to either practice or experience a certain skill that we allow for growth of a motor skill or the production of a new motor skill. This happens because our central nervous system changes to allow this to happen in the first place. To see this at work, consider one of the first skills we learned as a human being: walking. While some think toddlers get up and start trying to walk, the process is more complex than that. The reason people started to learn to walk was because of motor learning. At the base stage, we started to walk because months before even trying to take our first steps, we saw how important it was. We witnessed several people walking and understood how helpful it is to walk on two feet.
The 3 Stages of Motor Learning
There is more to motor learning than you might think. Over the years, the learning community has uncovered that there are three stages of motor learning:
- Cognitive;
- Associative;
- And autonomous.
Each stage has its own requirements for further development and what each stage brings to the learning experience. Here are some details.
Cognitive Stage
This base stage is where a lot of learning and context happens. At this stage, we're not overly concerned about how to actually do the skill properly. Instead, we're more concerned about why we should bother learning the skill. It's coming to terms with why this skill is worth learning and investing time in. Once we've got a grasp of that, this stage also starts the trial and error process. You can call it practice, but at this stage, the idea is to at least try it out rather than nail it. This is also the stage where we are heavily reliant on guidance. We can have a coach or a teacher there and their role is to provide a good learning environment. This means removing distractions and using visuals as well as encouraging those trial and errors to guide the learning process. Some examples of this is going back to the walking example. But other instances are things like driving a car or riding a bike. Even when we are older you can see this form of learning working.
Associative Stage
The second stage is where we've got some practice under our belt and we have a good grasp of general concepts. We know what to do in order to perform this particular skill. The only problem is that we might not be able to do that skill all that well when compared to others. Indeed, we know what to do, but not "how to do it well." It's at this stage where the saying "Practice makes perfect" rings true. The more that we practice, the more we can refine and tighten the loose ends of that skill. An example of this motor learning at work is looking at sports players. Generally speaking, people can perform better the more that they practice. Why that's the case is because the more we practice something the more we understand what input does to our bodies. We understand our current limits or how certain input will react through our bodies.
Autonomous Stage
At this stage, everything is more or less automatic. Sure we can still improve, but generally speaking, you don't need to tell yourself to go and do a certain task or assignment constantly. Your body has become adjusted to the idea of doing this. An example of this learning is the skills that you use at work. Whatever you feel about your work, we both know that when you get to work, you need very little persuasion to actually do your work. Whether that's writing, lifting, operating a machine, or performing, there are a set of skills that we don't think and merely do.
The Principles of Motor Learning
The principles of motor learning are few and far between. Generally speaking, there is a consensus that the key to learning a new motor skill isn't so much on the amount of time spent practising, but the way that we practice. This idea was brought up in a 2016 study published on Science Alert, where scientists uncovered that making changes in your training can enhance your learning experience.((Science Alert:
Scientists Have Found a Way to Help You Learn New Skills Twice as Fast)) With this in mind, the core principles focus on the methodology of learning. Not only that but ensuring they follow through the stages that I mentioned above which are simple in concept. The core principle of this learning is to reinforce a skill so much that our execution of that skill is nothing but mindless consistency. The study that I brought up is a new addition to that principle as we now know that making alterations during our practice can cause new aspects of learning to grow and enrich our learning and mastery of a skill.
How to Use Motor Learning Theory For Effective Learning
The theory as we know it is to practice something until it becomes second nature. Not only that but to experiment and make small changes in order to improve a skill. How does all of that help with us being better at something? Well as that study uncovered and stated, they found something called
memory reconsolidation.((Hopkins Medicine:
Want to Learn a New Skill? Faster? Change Up Your Practice Sessions )) One of the senior study author's, Pablo A. Celnik, M.D. stated that:
“What we found is if you practice a slightly modified version of a task you want to master, you actually learn more and faster than if you just keep practicing the exact same thing multiple times in a row,”
Celnik also stressed why this is such a big deal:
“Our results are important because little was known before about how reconsolidation works in relation to motor skill development. This shows how simple manipulations during training can lead to more rapid and larger motor skill gains because of reconsolidation... The goal is to develop novel behavioral interventions and training schedules that give people more improvement for the same amount of practice time.”
In other words, by using memory reconsolidation, we can learn faster and ultimately perform a skill faster than by practicing something for several hours without making changes. Why this variation enhances practice? Because the act of recalling our memories isn't a passive process.((Karim Nader:
Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval)) Whether you are learning a new skill or recalling an event, the sheer act of recalling changes the memory itself. In essence, our memories become highly unreliable as we focus and subtly alter those memories in light of recent events. This is because our brain is more interested in the most useful version of the word and disregards useless details. How all of this translates to learning is that the act of memory reconsolidation feels more natural for us. Again, whenever we recall something, we'll focus on the specific details and general concepts. So when we are asked to do the same task with subtle changes, we'll recall the old method and pick up the core principles from that and then use that to perform the same task in a subtly different way. Another way to look at this is that we're constantly adjusting our "motor control policy" in order for us to achieve the exact same goal. What we practiced felt the same but what we learned along the way had shifted.
Bottom Line
In order to incorporate this into your life, it's a matter of mixing up your practice session slightly. Whatever skill it is you are trying to do, urge yourself to make small yet subtle changes to how you perform. If you're writing, try applying a new word you never used previously that you picked up. Are you practicing an instrument or playing a sport? Try to use a different muscle or a new movement to achieve the same sound. This can be something as simple as posture or body position. The idea with motor learning is to keep practicing, even if you are the stage where your movements are automatic. This variation can very well bring you to the next level of that skill.
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