Tommy wants his toy back. His brother is playing with his favorite toy and he wants it back. Tommy starts to scream and is hitting his brother uncontrollably. He is three and these fits of rage and lack of self-control rear their ugly head daily. Their parents rush into the room and diffuse the situation. They are at a loss as to why Tommy has little to no self-control. Is it just the terrible twos that are stretching beyond the twos? Or is there something else that can better explain his behavior? Actually, Tommy, like many little tots, is still developing his executive functioning skills. These skills are imperative in helping us regulate our behaviors and exhibit self-control. Parents need to understand the role of executive functioning skills and how they can help their child develop these skills. I will provide an explanation of these skills and tips in this article to help parents with this understanding.
What Are Executive Functioning Skills?
Executive function is processes in the brain that help us function. Executive function helps with the execution of the variety of skills. These are a top 10 list of the skills associated with executive functioning:
- Paying attention
- Completion of a task from start to finish
- Self-motivation
- Self control, impulse control, and inhibition (the ability to control one's actions and behaviors)
- Organize and make decisions
- Manage time properly for completion of tasks
- Mental flexibility (being able to change directions with a task when needed)
- Accurate self-assessment (able to look at one's abilities and achievements objectively)
- Memory and recall (ability to keep information and retrieve it when needed)
- Task initiation (ability to dive into a project and get started)
People with low executive functioning skills have a harder time socializing, getting tasks completed, and controlling their basic impulses. There are a variety of problems and even diagnosable disorders associated with executive dysfunction. For example, when a first grader with poor executive functioning skills wants the pink ball at recess, and another littler girl has the only pink ball, the little girl who wants the ball may hit the other child because her impulse is to do whatever it takes to get that ball. She has not developed the skills to process the situation logically nor the ability to develop a plan to ask politely to share the ball. Her executive functioning skills are not developed enough so she reacts without thinking about the consequences. Her impulses take over. The Center for the Developing Child at Harvard University explains the role of executive function as follows:((The Center for the Developing Child at Harvard University:
Executive Function & Self-Regulation))
Executive function and self-regulation skills are the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully. Just as an air traffic control system at a busy airport safely manages the arrivals and departures of many aircraft on multiple runways, the brain needs this skill set to filter distractions, prioritize tasks, set and achieve goals, and control impulses.
We are not born with executive functioning skills. These skills are something we develop. Good parenting methods can help with the development of these skills. They are important because the benefits of learning these skills can last for a lifetime. These skills are those we begin building early in life and we can continue building upon in childhood and into adulthood. This building upon skills is called scaffolding. It is never too late to develop executive functioning skills, but the earlier they can begin developing the better off a person will be in handling life, as the skills build upon themselves.
The Importance of Executive Functioning Skills
Executive functioning skills affect us in every area of life. Here are some examples.
Health
If a teenager doesn't have good impulse control skills, then that individual may be more likely to succumb to peer pressure. Their lack of self control can affect their decision making and lead to drug addiction, alcohol abuse, or addiction to pornography. The executive functioning skill of self-control has an effect on our food choices. If we lack self control with food, we are more likely to make poor food choices, based on impulses. Junk food can easily become the go-to food for an individual who lacks self-control with food.
Academic Success
Memory is one of the primary areas of executive functioning. If an individual has not developed good memory and recall skills, they will likely do poor in school. Studying for exams, learning how to memorize and recall information are imperative to success in school. Planning skills and task management skills (i.e. completion of assignments) is also imperative to academic success.
Career Success
If someone has poor executive functioning skills in the area of planning and task execution, then career success will be limited. When assigned a work project, the individual with poor planning skills may wait until the last minute to prepare their presentation. Their poor time management and planning skills can lead to workplace failures.
Social Relationships
When a child doesn't have good executive functioning skills which includes self-control, they may fail to see the feelings of others in the moment. When they lose at a game, they may sulk or cry. They may also yell at their playmates when they don't get their way. Worse yet, they can act out violently, such as hitting and biting when someone has a toy that they want. Their ability to control their impulses is poor when they have not developed good executive functioning skills.
Romantic Relationships
The man who doesn't know how to take no for an answer when it comes to physical romantic interactions may be someone who lacks impulse control. He may know right from wrong, but he has not learned how to control his impulses. This can obviously lead to major problems in any romantic relationship. If you don't want a son who rapes girls (or vice versa, because that happens too), then you need to instill more than a sense of right and wrong. They must also be taught self-control and to navigate their impulses to make good decisions in heated situations.
Ways to Help Your Child Develop Executive Functioning Skills
A great deal of executive functioning skill development occurs during childhood. How a child is raised will have a big impact on whether or not they have developed good executive functioning skills by adulthood.
1. Routines
Daily routines can help establish order and predictability. Children (and adults) benefit from routines that establish good daily habits. For example, in the morning some good habits to establish and expect from children are getting dressed, brushing their teeth, putting on their shoes, combing their hair and preparing their backpack. Making their bed, picking up their room, and other chores are also good daily tasks to add to the routine if your child isn't doing them already. If you wonder what kind of chores are age appropriate for your child, you can check out this posting from
Focus on the Family. They have provided examples of age appropriate charts along with a free printable chore chart. If your child has difficulty getting things done in the morning, then create a chart for them to check off their tasks as they complete them each morning. You can find charts online for purchase, such as major creative websites like Etsy. They have magnet boards that can be customized for tasks you want your child to do each morning. Amazon has a variety of these premade boards for sale. Just use the search terms "daily routine charts" or "morning routine charts" and you will find lots of options. If you are crafty you can easily make one yourself. Below is chart of one such product found on Amazon using the search terms I mentioned above.
2. After School Homework Time
Most kids do not come home from school and decide to get started on their homework. It would be great if they did! If your child does this, then you need to realize you have a unicorn. Most children need reminding about homework, especially in the early days when they first start receiving homework. It is helpful to set aside a specific time period after school when homework is to be completed. For example, you can set a rule that they must do it immediately after school, and they cannot use electronics or play until it is finished. Getting your child in the habit of doing their homework sooner than later helps with planning skills. Having a teenager who waits until 11pm on a Sunday night to start a book report that they have known about for a week is a bad habit. Don't let your child become an out of control procrastinator. Start teaching them time management and planning skills early in life. You will reap the benefits too. Start helping them plan on getting homework done before they can play is a good policy. It also helps with developing self control, as they must get the work done before they can do something enjoyable. They learn to appreciate their electronics and free time more when they have accomplished a task (i.e. homework) to earn the right to play.
3. Calendar/Agenda
Get your child in the habit of using a calendar or agenda book at an early age. When I was in 6th grade, our school issued an agenda book to each student. I have since been using the organizational habits I learned from that time in my life. I will still record writing deadlines among other appointments in my book. Have your child record their assignments in their own agenda book. Putting major assignments on a calendar is also helpful. Using a calendar or agenda book can help with establishing planning skills. If they look at their calendar in the morning and see that they have their term project due and basketball practice after school, they can go out the door with the completed project in hand along with clothes for practice. Helping your child prepare for their day, week, and month becomes easier when it is visible on a calendar. Do digital calendars work? Yes, but not as well as paper calendars. There is always a risk of losing things that are digital or having a dead phone. Having it on paper can also allow for a quick "month at a glace" viewing (if they have calendar that shows month to month like I do). Such a glace can provide quick reminders of what needs to get done in the near future or appointments that need preparation.
4. Set Rules
Rules are the backbone of the household function. If kids don't know what time they are supposed to be home, what chores are expected, and when they should be going to bed, then they are not learning planning skills in the home. Kids need clearly defined rules. It doesn't mean that they have to be strict or over the top rules. However, they need to be clearly conveyed to each member of the household. Putting them in writing will definitely make it clear. Setting clear rules such as no shoes in the house, no yelling indoors, no eating in the living room, etc. can help kids understand the parameters for their behavior inside the home. This helps them to develop self-control as they learn what is expected. Broken rules should result in consequences (for example in our home it is usually loss of technology time or a time-out). Setting rules is setting expectations. This helps with children and their development of a variety of executive functioning skills including planning, organization, time management, paying attention, and self control.
5. Consequences
Consequences definitely help with the development of self-control. If your toddler learns that temper tantrums always lead to time outs, then they eventually stop with the tantrums because they realize they aren't worth it. Consequences should be reasonable and age appropriate. For more details on this topic, you can check out my previously published article:
How to Discipline a Child.
6. Break Down Big Tasks
Kids that have a hard time getting started on large projects or tasks simply feel overwhelmed and they freeze up. Help your child out by breaking down a larger task. For example, if they have a book report due next month then help them examine the steps involved. First would be writing the book, next writing the report, and finally turning in the report before the deadline. You can help them set the dates to get each of the tasks completed in a timely fashion. You can even go as far as helping them assign themselves specific chapters to read by certain dates. It helps them to see their big task as a series of small tasks that they can complete more easily and build upon. Breaking down big tasks can help with a child who has problems getting started on projects. It can also help them develop their planning, organization, and follow-through skills. These are all executive functioning skills that are wonderful to develop earlier in life than later.
7. Memory Games and Play
Playing games and allowing your child to play can help with the development of executive functioning skills. Memory is one of the top ten executive functioning skills. To help a child develop their memory, you can play matching games, such as the one actually called Memory. You can also play sorting games, hide and seek, and matching games. These types of activities can help with memory, recall, and the development of other executive function skills too (i.e. planning, organization, motivation). Teaching your child to sing songs from memory and play an instrument are also very helpful in developing executive functioning skills. Harvard's Center for the Developing Child provides a resource list of fun activities you can do with your child to help them develop their executive functioning skills.((Harvard's Center for the Developing Child:
Executive Function Activities for 3- to 5-year-olds))
8. Motivate
Internal motivation does not come automatically for all kids. Sometimes children need to have
external motivation to get them down the path toward success. Once they feel success and enjoy their pursuits, they will learn to self motivate. To get them started you may need to help motivate them. Offering genuine praise for their success is one way to motivate. If you are motivating them away from bad decisions, you may need to use consequences or discipline. However, praise and rewards are always more motivating in the long run.
9. Home Organization
It is hard for a child to learn how to be organized, not lose their personal items, and keep on schedule if their home life is chaos. A home that is clutter filled, unkept, and where things are easily lost does not lend itself to helping a child develop good executive functioning skills. Some home organization methods that can help your child include having a specific place for backpacks, coats, and shoes to be placed when not being used. This will help with their routine, planning, and time management skills. Having them participate in keeping a home in order helps with their development of executive functioning skills, as they are learning about organization, planning, task initiation, and task completion. Overall, the best benefits of an organized home are their development of time management skills and routine.
10. Self Control Techniques
Self control is an executive functioning skills that is imperative to life success. If you have a child who is still throwing temper tantrums in public at age 10 because they can't control themselves, then you definitely have a problem. There should be consequences for lack of self control that is disruptive or damaging. For example, a child's tantrums can result in loss of play time, or a child who steals a classmate's lip gloss simply because they wanted it (lack of impulse control) will need to return it, apologize to the classmate, and will be grounded for a week. Whatever the situation may be, there should be an adequate consequence to match the failure to control their behaviors. Once children learn that their behaviors have consequences, they learn to control their behaviors better. A child who wants to go to the movies after church, but knows that they must be quiet during church for them to be allowed to go out with their friends, will likely be quiet during church so that they can get the desired result (movie with friends after church). Providing consequences in advance (or the potential for rewards like the example above) can help to promote self control in your child. Help to motivate your child by providing both rewards and consequences as fitting for the situation. Again, remember that rewards are always more effective for long term positive results and can help to create genuine motivation toward good behavior.
11. Be the Example
To teach your child skills that embody good executive skill functioning, you must be the example. For example, if you want your child to follow rules, then you should also follow the rules set forth for you (i.e. the laws). If you are a habitual speeder and you say things like "those speed limits are only suggestions," you are essentially telling your child that rules and laws don't matter. If you want children who follow rules, order, and the laws of society, then you must be a good example. If you want your child to not be late for school, then you should set the example for
morning routines and leaving early to get to your destination. Your habits such as organizational skills, time management, following rules, planning skills, and completing tasks are being observed by your children on a daily basis. They learn just as much, if not more, through your actions than your words. "Actions speak louder than words" is a motto to live by.
12. Teach Self-Evaluation Through Questions
The ability to assess one's own abilities and achievements (or lack thereof) is an executive functioning skill. If someone is weak at this skill, then they will be shocked when they fail at something. Help your child prepare for success and failure. If they fail at something, then ask them "what do you think you could do different next time?" If they can recognize areas that need to be improved, then their perception of the situation and the reality can become more closely aligned. If you tell your child "you deserved to win" every time that they lose, they are going to start believing you and they will see no wrong in themselves. You teach them to evaluate themselves by asking them questions. Below are some additional questions you can use with your children. Be sure to use a kind and inviting tone. If you sound sarcastic or harsh, your child is going to shut down to your questioning and it will not be productive. If you want a meaningful conversations, then use a tone that shows you care for them and are genuinely interested in their situation:
- How do you think it went?
- What could you do differently next time?
- What is one thing that you could improve on before next time (next game, meet, test, etc.)?
- What did you learn from your disappointment today (or loss or whatever happened)?
- How are you feeling about your disappointment?
- What did you learn from this experience?
- What is something positive you can take away from the experience?
- What do you think it will take for you to win next time (or pass the test or whatever the situation may be)?
- What kind of plan do you need in place to take you to that next win?
Final Thoughts
Executive functioning skills are essential to human function. The weaker the executive functioning skills, the less successful a person is likely to become in life in all areas (except maybe sleep). Although routine and time management help with sleep too! Executive functioning skills are learned primarily in the home though a primary caregiver (usually the parent). How a child is raised (and treated), their home environment, and the behaviors (and example) of their primary caregiver play a huge role in developing executive functioning skills. Even if a child doesn't develop them early in life, all hope is not lost. These skills can still be developed in late childhood and even into adulthood. Just do the best that you can do as a parent for your child now.
More Parenting Skills
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